Citations & sources

This page collects the citations that used to appear directly beneath each claim on our resource pages. They're organized below by source page, then by the section and card they supported, in the same order they originally appeared.

Finley & Jordan's Story

Sources cited on the About page, where Finley's story is told in full.

Finley's adrenal nodule and blood pressure

Finley & Jordan's Story → adrenal nodule paragraph

  1. van Bokhorst KL, Galac S, Kooistra HS, de Grauw JC, Teske E, Grinwis GCM, van Nimwegen SA. Laparoscopic vs. open adrenalectomy: perioperative data and survival analysis in 70 dogs with an adrenal tumor. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023;10:1156801. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1156801 free full text
  2. von Dehn BJ, Nelson RW, Feldman EC, Griffey SM. Pheochromocytoma and hyperadrenocorticism in dogs: six cases (1982-1992). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1995;207(3):322-324.

The Finley Initiative

Sources cited on The Finley Initiative, our Pet Parent Resources page for canine stroke.

Stroke (CVA) — list of signs to watch for

Recognizing the Signs → “Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)” card

  1. Thomsen B, Garosi L, Skerritt G, et al. Neurological signs in 23 dogs with suspected rostral cerebellar ischaemic stroke. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2016;58(1):40. doi.org/10.1186/s13028-016-0219-2 free full text
  2. Danciu CG, Gonçalves R, Caldero CJ, et al. Comorbidities, long-term outcome and poststroke epilepsy associated with ischemic stroke – A multicenter observational study of 125 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2025;39(1):e17291. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17291 free full text
  3. Garosi L, McConnell JF, Platt SR, et al. Clinical and topographic magnetic resonance characteristics of suspected brain infarction in 40 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2006;20(2):311-321. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02862.x

Blood Clots (Thromboembolism) — list of signs to watch for

Recognizing the Signs → “Blood Clots (Thromboembolism)” card

  1. Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Dogs. Merck Veterinary Manual (Dog Owners edition). Accessed August 26, 2026. merckvetmanual.com
  2. Johnson LR, Lappin MR, Baker DC. Pulmonary thromboembolism in 29 dogs: 1985-1995. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 1999;13(4):338-345. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02192.x
  3. Ruehl M, Lynch AM, O'Toole TE, et al. Outcome and treatments of dogs with aortic thrombosis: 100 cases (1997-2014). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020;34(5):1759-1767. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15874 free full text

Onset, timing & outcomes note

Recognizing the Signs → paragraph below the two signs cards (sudden onset, worsening over a day or two, comorbidities, survival rates)

  1. Wessmann A, Chandler K, Garosi L. Ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in the dog. The Veterinary Journal. 2009;180(3):290-303. doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.023
  2. Garosi LS, McConnell JF, Platt SR, et al. Results of diagnostic investigations and long-term outcome of 33 dogs with brain infarction (2000–2004). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2005;19(5):725-731. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02752.x
  3. Arnold SA, Platt SR, Gendron KP, West FD. Imaging ischemic and hemorrhagic disease of the brain in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:279. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00279 free full text
  4. Danciu CG, Gonçalves R, Caldero CJ, et al. Comorbidities, long-term outcome and poststroke epilepsy associated with ischemic stroke – A multicenter observational study of 125 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2025;39(1):e17291. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17291 free full text
  5. Gredal H, Toft N, Westrup U, et al. Survival and clinical outcome of dogs with ischaemic stroke. The Veterinary Journal. 2013;196(3):408-413. doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.018

A stroke is not the only thing that looks like a stroke

Recognizing the Signs → “A stroke is not the only thing that looks like a stroke” (old dog vestibular disease, brain tumors)

  1. Orlandi R, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Carletti B, et al. Clinical signs, MRI findings and outcome in dogs with peripheral vestibular disease: a retrospective study. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020;16(1):159. doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02366-8 free full text
  2. Snyder JM, Shofer FS, Van Winkle TJ, et al. Canine intracranial primary neoplasia: 173 cases (1986-2003). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2006;20(3):669-675. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02913.x
  3. Kishimoto TE, Uchida K, Chambers JK, et al. A retrospective survey on canine intracranial tumors between 2007 and 2017. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2020;82(1):77-83. doi.org/10.1292/jvms.19-0486 free full text

Stroke — ischemic, hemorrhagic & risk factors

Understanding Stroke & Blood Clots → “Stroke.” card

  1. Arnold SA, Platt SR, Gendron KP, West FD. Imaging Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Disease of the Brain in Dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:279. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00279 free full text

Embolism — aortic & pulmonary thromboembolism

Understanding Stroke & Blood Clots → “Embolism.” card

  1. Ruehl M, Lynch AM, O'Toole TE, et al. Outcome and treatments of dogs with aortic thrombosis: 100 cases (1997–2014). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020;34(5):1759-1767. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15874 free full text
  2. Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Dogs. Merck Veterinary Manual (Dog Owners edition). merckvetmanual.com

Make the most of every appointment

Working With Your Vet → appointment checklist card (urinalysis, referrals, imaging)

  1. Danciu CG, Gonçalves R, Caldero CJ, et al. Comorbidities, long-term outcome and poststroke epilepsy associated with ischemic stroke – A multicenter observational study of 125 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2025;39(1):e17291. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17291 free full text
  2. Arnold SA, Platt SR, Gendron KP, West FD. Imaging ischemic and hemorrhagic disease of the brain in dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:279. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00279 free full text
  3. Ruehl M, Lynch AM, O'Toole TE, et al. Outcome and treatments of dogs with aortic thrombosis: 100 cases (1997-2014). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020;34(5):1759-1767. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15874 free full text
  4. Wessmann A, Chandler K, Garosi L. Ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in the dog. The Veterinary Journal. 2009;180(3):290-303. doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.023
  5. Kang BT, Lee JH, Jung DI, et al. Canine model of ischemic stroke with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion: clinical and histopathological findings. Journal of Veterinary Science. 2007;8(4):369-376. doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2007.8.4.369 free full text

What to expect over time

Working With Your Vet → “What to expect over time” outlook card (survival, recurrence, seizures, quality of life)

  1. Danciu CG, Gonçalves R, Caldero CJ, et al. Comorbidities, long-term outcome and poststroke epilepsy associated with ischemic stroke – A multicenter observational study of 125 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2025;39(1):e17291. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17291 free full text

Supporting recovery at home

Home Care & Recovery → home care list (electroacupuncture bullet)

  1. Hayashi AM, Matera JM, Fonseca Pinto ACBC. Evaluation of electroacupuncture treatment for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2007;231(6):913-918. doi.org/10.2460/javma.231.6.913
  2. Joaquim JGF, Luna SPL, Brondani JT, et al. Comparison of decompressive surgery, electroacupuncture, and decompressive surgery followed by electroacupuncture for the treatment of dogs with intervertebral disk disease with long-standing severe neurologic deficits. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2010;236(11):1225-1229. doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.11.1225

What Jordan Davis does during a close call

Home Care & Recovery → “What Jordan Davis does during a close call” box (blood pressure step)

  1. Danciu CG, Gonçalves R, Caldero CJ, et al. Comorbidities, long-term outcome and poststroke epilepsy associated with ischemic stroke – A multicenter observational study of 125 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2025;39(1):e17291. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17291 free full text

The Feline Stroke Initiative

Sources cited on Feline Stroke Initiative, our resource page for feline stroke and embolism.

Call your vet the same day if you see any of these

Recognizing the Signs → “Call your vet the same day” card

  1. Moretto L, Beckmann K, Günther C, et al. Manifestations of hypertensive encephalopathy in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2023;25(2). doi.org/10.1177/1098612X231153357 free full text
  2. Brown CA, Munday JS, Mathur S, et al. Hypertensive encephalopathy in cats with reduced renal function. Veterinary Pathology. 2005;42(5):642-649. doi.org/10.1354/vp.42-5-642
  3. Altay UM, Skerritt GC, Hilbe M, et al. Feline cerebrovascular disease: clinical and histopathologic findings in 16 cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2011;47(2):89-97. doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5480
  4. Maggio F, DeFrancesco TC, Atkins CE, et al. Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in cats: 69 cases (1985-1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2000;217(5):695-702. doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.695
  5. Platt SR. Altered states of consciousness in small animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2014;44(6):1039-1058. doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.07.012

Blood clots are a different emergency, with their own signs

Recognizing the Signs → “Blood clots are a different emergency” card

  1. Borgeat K, Wright J, Garrod O, et al. Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004-2012. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2014;28(1):102-108. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12249 free full text
  2. Smith SA, Tobias AH, Jacob KA, et al. Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992-2001) and long-term management with low-dose aspirin in 24 cases. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2003;17(1):73-83. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb01326.x

Which cats are most at risk

Recognizing the Signs → “Which cats are most at risk” list

  1. Taylor SS, Sparkes AH, Briscoe K, et al. ISFM consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of hypertension in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(3):288-303. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17693500 free full text
  2. Brown CA, Munday JS, Mathur S, et al. Hypertensive encephalopathy in cats with reduced renal function. Veterinary Pathology. 2005;42(5):642-649. doi.org/10.1354/vp.42-5-642
  3. American Association of Feline Practitioners. Hypertension Educational Toolkit: Clinical Signs. Accessed August 26, 2026. catvets.com/resource/hypertension-toolkit-clinical-signs
  4. Stammeleer L, Xifra P, Serrano SI, et al. Blood pressure in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioiodine treatment. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2024;38(3):1359-1369. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.17032 free full text
  5. Luis Fuentes V, Abbott J, Chetboul V, et al. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020;34(3):1062-1077. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15745 free full text
  6. Stokol T, Brooks M, Rush JE, et al. Hypercoagulability in cats with cardiomyopathy. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2008;22(3):546-552. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0098.x
  7. Merck Veterinary Manual (MSD Veterinary Manual). Anticoagulant Rodenticide Poisoning in Animals. Accessed September 4, 2026. msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/rodenticide-poisoning/anticoagulant-rodenticide-poisoning-in-animals

What catching it early actually looks like

Recognizing the Signs → “What catching it early actually looks like” checklist

  1. Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, et al. ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2018;32(6):1803-1822. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15331 free full text
  2. American Association of Feline Practitioners. Hypertension Educational Toolkit: Clinical Signs. Accessed August 26, 2026. catvets.com/resource/hypertension-toolkit-clinical-signs
  3. Taylor SS, Sparkes AH, Briscoe K, et al. ISFM consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of hypertension in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(3):288-303. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17693500 free full text
  4. Luis Fuentes V, Abbott J, Chetboul V, et al. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020;34(3):1062-1077. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15745 free full text
  5. Altay UM, Skerritt GC, Hilbe M, et al. Feline cerebrovascular disease: clinical and histopathologic findings in 16 cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2011;47(2):89-97. doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5480
  6. Smith SA, Tobias AH, Jacob KA, et al. Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992-2001) and long-term management with low-dose aspirin in 24 cases. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2003;17(1):73-83. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb01326.x

A stroke is not the only thing that looks like a stroke

Recognizing the Signs → “A stroke is not the only thing that looks like a stroke” (vestibular disease, brain tumors)

  1. Negrin A, Cherubini GB, Lamb C, et al. Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging findings and outcome in 77 cats with vestibular disease: a retrospective study. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2010;12(4):291-299. doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.10.001 free full text
  2. Troxel MT, Vite CH, Van Winkle TJ, et al. Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2003;17(6):850-859. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02525.x
  3. Veterinary Society of Surgical Oncology. Brain tumors: feline. Accessed August 26, 2026. vsso.org/brain-tumors-feline

Stroke — ischemic & hemorrhagic

Understanding Stroke & Embolism → “Stroke.” card

  1. Garosi LS. Cerebrovascular disease in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2010;40(1):65-79. doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.09.001
  2. Altay UM, Skerritt GC, Hilbe M, et al. Feline cerebrovascular disease: clinical and histopathologic findings in 16 cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2011;47(2):89-97. doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-5480
  3. Whittaker DE, Drees R, Beltran E. MRI and clinical characteristics of suspected cerebrovascular accident in nine cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;20(8):674-684. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17723775 free full text

Embolism — aortic & pulmonary thromboembolism

Understanding Stroke & Embolism → “Embolism.” card

  1. Luis Fuentes V. Arterial thromboembolism: risks, realities and a rational first-line approach. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2012;14(7):459-470. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X12451547 free full text
  2. Borgeat K, Wright J, Garrod O, et al. Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004-2012. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2014;28(1):102-108. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12249 free full text
  3. Goggs R, Benigni L, Fuentes VL, et al. Pulmonary thromboembolism. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 2009;19(1):30-52. doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00388.x

Make the most of every appointment

Working With Your Vet → appointment checklist card

  1. Taylor SS, Sparkes AH, Briscoe K, et al. ISFM consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of hypertension in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;19(3):288-303. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17693500 free full text
  2. Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, et al. ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2018;32(6):1803-1822. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15331 free full text
  3. Luis Fuentes V. Arterial thromboembolism: risks, realities and a rational first-line approach. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2012;14(7):459-470. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X12451547 free full text
  4. Whittaker DE, Drees R, Beltran E. MRI and clinical characteristics of suspected cerebrovascular accident in nine cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;20(8):674-684. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17723775 free full text
  5. Cornell Feline Health Center. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Accessed September 4, 2026. vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center/health-information/feline-health-topics/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy
  6. Luis Fuentes V, Abbott J, Chetboul V, et al. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020;34(3):1062-1077. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15745 free full text

What to expect over time

Working With Your Vet → “What to expect over time” outlook card

  1. Borgeat K, Wright J, Garrod O, et al. Arterial thromboembolism in 250 cats in general practice: 2004-2012. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2014;28(1):102-108. doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12249 free full text
  2. Smith SA, Tobias AH, Jacob KA, et al. Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992-2001) and long-term management with low-dose aspirin in 24 cases. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2003;17(1):73-83. doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb01326.x
  3. Whittaker DE, Drees R, Beltran E. MRI and clinical characteristics of suspected cerebrovascular accident in nine cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2017;20(8):674-684. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X17723775 free full text

Supporting recovery at home

Home Care & Recovery → home care list (rehabilitation and pain relief bullets)

  1. Gallucci A, Dragone L, Al Kafaji T, et al. Outcome in cats with acute onset of severe thoracolumbar spinal cord injury following physical rehabilitation. Veterinary Sciences. 2021;8(2):22. doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8020022 free full text
  2. Luis Fuentes V. Arterial thromboembolism: risks, realities and a rational first-line approach. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2012;14(7):459-470. doi.org/10.1177/1098612X12451547 free full text

Integrative Medicine

Sources cited on Integrative Medicine, covering TCVM and physical rehabilitation.

Before you start any integrative therapy

Why Integrative Medicine Matters → “Before you start any integrative therapy” box (timing after a stroke)

  1. Arnold SA, Platt SR, Gendron KP, West FD. Imaging Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Disease of the Brain in Dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:279. doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00279 free full text

Physical Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation, Hydrotherapy & Laser Therapy → “Physical Rehabilitation” card

  1. Frank LR, Roynard PFP. Veterinary Neurologic Rehabilitation: The Rationale for a Comprehensive Approach. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 2018;33(2):49-57. doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2018.04.002
  2. Goldberg ME. Physical rehabilitation of cats: 1. Common conditions benefiting from physiotherapy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2025;27(7). doi.org/10.1177/1098612X251334558 free full text

Hydrotherapy & Underwater Treadmill

Rehabilitation, Hydrotherapy & Laser Therapy → “Hydrotherapy & Underwater Treadmill” card

  1. Bliss M, Terry J, de Godoy RF. Limbs kinematics of dogs exercising at different water levels on the underwater treadmill. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2022;8(6):2374-2381. doi.org/10.1002/vms3.947 free full text
  2. Kuricová M, Török M, Zelezník P, et al. Effect of postoperative underwater treadmill therapy on functional recovery in dogs undergoing intervertebral disc surgery: a retrospective matched cohort study. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2026;40(4). doi.org/10.1093/jvimsj/aalag134 free full text

Laser therapy (photobiomodulation)

Rehabilitation, Hydrotherapy & Laser Therapy → “Laser Therapy (Photobiomodulation)” card

  1. Robinson NG. Beyond the Laboratory, Into the Clinic: What Dogs with Disk Disease Have Taught Us About Photobiomodulation for Spinal Cord Injury. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2017;35(11):589-594. doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.4348
  2. Piao D, Sypniewski LA, Dugat D, et al. Transcutaneous transmission of photobiomodulation light to the spinal canal of dog as measured from cadaver dogs using a multi-channel intra-spinal probe. Lasers in Medical Science. 2019;34(8):1645-1654. doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02761-0
  3. Photomedicine in Veterinary Patients. Merck Veterinary Manual (Veterinary edition). Accessed September 5, 2026. merckvetmanual.com

Acupuncture & Electroacupuncture

Acupuncture & Electroacupuncture → section introduction (electroacupuncture research)

  1. Hayashi AM, Matera JM, Fonseca Pinto ACBC. Evaluation of electroacupuncture treatment for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2007;231(6):913-918. doi.org/10.2460/javma.231.6.913
  2. Joaquim JGF, Luna SPL, Brondani JT, et al. Comparison of decompressive surgery, electroacupuncture, and decompressive surgery followed by electroacupuncture for the treatment of dogs with intervertebral disk disease with long-standing severe neurologic deficits. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2010;236(11):1225-1229. doi.org/10.2460/javma.236.11.1225

Medical (Western) Acupuncture

Acupuncture & Electroacupuncture → “Medical (Western) Acupuncture” card (nerve stimulation, blood flow, endorphin/serotonin release; acupuncture's place in Western veterinary medicine)

  1. Zhao ZQ. Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia. Progress in Neurobiology. 2008;85(4):355-375. doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.05.004
  2. Li Y, Cao Q. Application of Acupuncture in Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy: An In-Depth Analysis and Outlook on Pathophysiological Basis and Therapeutic Mechanisms. International Journal of General Medicine. 2025;18:5717-5730. doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S550285 free full text
  3. Koski MA. Acupuncture for zoological companion animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. 2011;14(1):141-154. doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.010

What is TCVM? (section intro)

What Is TCVM? → section introduction

  1. Roynard P, Frank L, Xie H, et al. Acupuncture for Small Animal Neurologic Disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2018;48(1):201-219. doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.08.003

Chinese Herbal Medicine

What Is TCVM? → Chinese herbal medicine paragraph

  1. Ma A, Xie S, Xie H. Clinical Application of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Small Animal Practice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2025;55(6):941-962. doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.06.008

Tui-na

What Is TCVM? → tui-na paragraph

  1. Bergh A, Asplund K, Lund I, et al. A Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine in Sport and Companion Animals: Soft Tissue Mobilization. Animals. 2022;12(11):1440. doi.org/10.3390/ani12111440 free full text